Primitive Archer

Main Discussion Area => Muzzleloaders => Topic started by: Mike Yancey on June 11, 2018, 07:11:40 pm

Title: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 11, 2018, 07:11:40 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/yt4nVmh.jpg)

My next project, a 58 caliber gain twist barrel Edward Marshal Christian Springs rifle.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Danzn Bar on June 11, 2018, 07:14:41 pm: Sweeeet ..start.
DBar
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Eric Krewson on June 12, 2018, 07:30:23 am: WOW, that is a a spectacular stock blank.

On my Issac Haines project, that I posted pictures of the precarve issues, I have about decided to scrap the stock and start over. It is mighty fine wood as well.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 12, 2018, 10:10:12 am: Man I hate to see you give up on that piece of wood Eric!
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 12, 2018, 10:14:21 am: Eric, I went back and looked at your lock picture again. Can you scab in the lock mortise like I did and move the lock up all the way to the top of your wrist as far as you can? That looks like it would get it almost where it needed to be.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 20, 2018, 09:22:56 am: (https://i.imgur.com/EBc5vXX.jpg)

This rifle is going to be a lot slower build than the last rifle, it will have a lot of carving from end to end and I have a lot of bows to build.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: PaulN/KS on June 20, 2018, 12:19:16 pm: What's the wood there Mike?
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 20, 2018, 12:54:36 pm: Its maple
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 21, 2018, 06:50:02 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/DXbni9X.jpg)

Got to do a little more today and its coming along nicely. This should be a tough little mountain rifle.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: JW_Halverson on June 22, 2018, 11:24:01 am: Have you ever built one with a swamped barrel? It takes more attention to detail, but once you carry that gun a far piece, you will love the balance, lighter heft, and improved steadiness of the sight picture.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 22, 2018, 03:07:03 pm: I have several with swamped barrels and am building one now along with this rifle. Its a smooth bore on a cherry stock, took for ever to get the barrel inlet but its in good and ready to inlet the lock.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 23, 2018, 08:32:13 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/MiwFURJ.jpg)

Got the barrel about 90% inlet, looking forward to the detail work on this rifle.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 28, 2018, 11:29:56 am: (https://i.imgur.com/djk9KG3.jpg)

The heat index here is awful here lately so I've been able to work a little on the rifle. I have the barrel all inlet now as well as the breech plug and tang. Will be doing the ramrod grove and hole next and some more stock and wrist shaping.

(https://i.imgur.com/QV0QmfW.jpg)

Started the ramrod grove.
(https://i.imgur.com/8CocFR8.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/8ihv2ZN.jpg)

Cleaned up the tang area.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: looper on June 28, 2018, 06:35:34 pm: How are you going to make the transition from the top of the side panel to the top of the barrel channel? That’s usually a curved cut, and not a 90* corner.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 28, 2018, 07:20:48 pm: I'll shape it as it gets closer and work on the lock pannels.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 30, 2018, 10:08:28 am: (https://i.imgur.com/WBf2azf.jpg)

Ramrod grove done and hole drilled.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 30, 2018, 11:39:00 am: (https://i.imgur.com/E0INhaS.jpg)

Ramrod made and tapered, got the tip on and pinned. Now Ill cut the dovetails in the barrel and pin to the stock.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on June 30, 2018, 03:02:29 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/qzZovaI.jpg)

Done for the day, I got the three barrel lugs dovetails cut and installed.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on July 03, 2018, 02:31:57 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/kJdkUUH.jpg)

Got the barrel pinned to the stock and some shaping done on the front end. Lock inlet next.

Guys I'm far from being a gun a gun builder. I just enjoy doing it and sharing the progress as I go along, so enjoy it if you want but don't take it as gospel.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Pat B on July 03, 2018, 10:31:52 pm: Thanks for taking us through the process, Mike. Passing on info is what it's all about. :OK
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: chamookman on July 04, 2018, 01:31:47 am: Thanks for sharing Mike (=) :OK ! Bob
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Parnell on July 10, 2018, 07:40:33 pm: I'm trying to figure out how you would create that recessed port in a straight line with the ramrod channel. Just a chisel?
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on July 11, 2018, 11:18:05 am: I use a drill on a 3' rod for the hole in the forearm and use a chisel for the grove at first then I use a rat tail file to even it out then a piece of sand paper wrapped around a 6'' piece of ramrod to finish it up.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on July 13, 2018, 04:15:33 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/3i3OISy.jpg)

Worked on my least favorite things, but got it in good. I didn't feel like inletting the lock today so I got the entry thimble out of the way.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on August 16, 2018, 01:46:43 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/Bb8gBxG.jpg)

Took a month off from this rifle to build some custom order bows. Got back on it today and got the lock plate inlet. Will start on the guts of the lock later.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Eric Krewson on August 18, 2018, 01:38:47 pm: I always hated cutting the lock nose inlet. I finally made me what I call a lock nose chisel and matched its size exactly to a the late Ketland lock I was putting n a Tn rifle.

It cuts a perfect inlet every time, I made it out of a concrete nail.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on August 20, 2018, 11:38:38 am: (https://i.imgur.com/X776gL6.jpg)

Doing the first stages of shaping up the lock panel.

(https://i.imgur.com/abrJ8z7.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/bNrvi82.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on August 21, 2018, 12:20:04 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/hYhhEgp.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/NXewEQR.jpg)

Got the lock inlet and working. Shaped and reduced the lock panels and the front of the stock. This isn't the final shape, there will still be some more reducing on the width of the lock panel.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: chamookman on August 22, 2018, 02:55:54 am: Coming along nicely Mike :OK ! Bob
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on August 23, 2018, 03:16:53 pm: Got the rear lock bolt in and the trigger inlet and working with the lock.

(https://i.imgur.com/idxfwZz.jpg)

Now I can finish shaping the lock panel and the wrist area.

(https://i.imgur.com/GjcuQoi.jpg)

Next, Ill drill for the tang bolt and tap the trigger plate and we'll be ready to drill the touch hole!
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: PaulN/KS on August 24, 2018, 06:10:35 am: Nice use of the stavemaster there in the one picture. :OK
Looks good, that's a nice piece of wood for the stock.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 25, 2018, 09:33:35 am: (https://i.imgur.com/BnAXrO4.jpg)

Back at it again. Shaping up the wrist some.

(https://i.imgur.com/Gz0tP49.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: PaulN/KS on September 25, 2018, 10:51:34 am: Looking good.
Glad to see you back at the workbench again.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on September 25, 2018, 11:18:40 am: Real nice build along, Mike. You make it look almost easy!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 25, 2018, 11:38:34 am: Quote from: PaulN/KS on September 25, 2018, 10:51:34 am
Looking good.
Glad to see you back at the workbench again.

Thanks Paul, its not been easy and will never be the same. I have lost the best thing I ever had! But I'm trying to get back to somewhat of a normal life.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Parnell on September 26, 2018, 09:42:11 am: Glad to see the post, Mike.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 26, 2018, 09:43:48 am: (https://i.imgur.com/NVBW9AY.jpg)

Trigger guard is in and you can swing my truck from it before it would move! Went in real nice and tight.

(https://i.imgur.com/KMSRzJp.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/vcqDpD3.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 26, 2018, 03:49:38 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/cMbzp7P.jpg)

Butt plate is about ready to screw down.

(https://i.imgur.com/mptb1LS.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 27, 2018, 10:28:02 am: Butt Plate is on and starting to shape the Butt.

(https://i.imgur.com/9hAOKTu.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/HoI2Q85.jpg)

Heres one of the profile of the lock side
(https://i.imgur.com/6gpFi28.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on September 27, 2018, 11:04:26 am: That is turning into a real fine rifle, Mike! Keep on truckin'!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 28, 2018, 04:19:05 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/ynnvlhb.jpg)

Got the nose cap on and the stock almost finished around it.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: PaulN/KS on September 29, 2018, 05:30:26 am: Shaping up real well Mike. :OK
I like how the well the stave vise is working as a stock vise... :D
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 29, 2018, 10:01:51 am: (https://i.imgur.com/JiL8XW0.jpg)

All the ramrod stuff is done now its off to the sights!
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 29, 2018, 01:10:15 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/P1YEvEC.jpg)

Got the front sight in today dovetailed in all nice and tight.

(https://i.imgur.com/xV4qFlU.jpg)

Rear sight is in. This thing had the thinnest base plate to dovetail in I have ever seen so I soldered it in as well.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on September 29, 2018, 07:11:28 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/OzIu58f.jpg)

Doing a little scraping on the stock getting it ready to carve! Look at that curl!
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: chamookman on September 30, 2018, 02:49:05 am: Nice ! Great piece of wood - lookin' good ! Bob
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on October 03, 2018, 12:01:47 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/TIuLtip.jpg)

Starting to do a little carving on the cheek piece.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Stoker on October 03, 2018, 02:01:38 pm: That's a beautiful piece of wood Mike.
Thanks Leroy
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on October 03, 2018, 03:04:13 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/p4aR0mL.jpg) Starting the drawing for the carving.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: BowEd on October 04, 2018, 07:46:38 am: Speaking from a perspective of being a muzzle loader hunter most all my life and buckskinned quite a few years I read the whole post from beginning here.Thanks for taking us along and that's a beautiful piece of wood with that beautiful hardware to boot.The extra detail in the finish work will make it be fantastic when done.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Eric Krewson on October 05, 2018, 07:01:24 am: I like your drawing for future carving.

I don't know if soldering the rear sight is a good idea, I always have to adjust them somewhere down the line. You could file the sight base and make a deeper dovetail.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on October 05, 2018, 10:02:49 am: I have to cut the sight window out of the rear sight and will adjust with the filing of that, the rest will be done with the front sight.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: JW_Halverson on October 14, 2018, 12:01:50 pm: I have the same rear sight on my early Lancaster with the swamped barrel. I named her "Lux", the latin word for visible light, a pun on her light weight. Been planning on doing a matching pistol and calling her "Veritas", latin for Truth.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on October 19, 2018, 05:53:07 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/KLUCQxz.jpg)

Started on the sliding wooden patchbox today.Got the area for the dovetail cut in.

(https://i.imgur.com/VGABPuL.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/2iknN4L.jpg)

I got the dovetail cut in the wood.
(https://i.imgur.com/t2PrcEB.jpg)

Made the domed top ready to glue to the sliding base piece. Still have some shaping to do before I glue it up.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on October 19, 2018, 10:07:36 pm: Very nice! Waiting for the final finish and a "pan flash" pic - sort of like a full draw! :-M (-P (lol)!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on October 23, 2018, 08:03:41 am: I made the side plate and am ready to inlet it and do the moldings around it.

(https://i.imgur.com/e8ep5Xk.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on October 25, 2018, 12:58:41 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/Wyt8AcS.jpg)

Side plate is finished and all inlet.

(https://i.imgur.com/tmEYS4V.jpg)

Got the lid pretty much fitted and done. I still need to drill and install a couple of tiny screws on the brass end of the lid. Then make the catch spring work.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 01, 2018, 11:14:36 am: (https://i.imgur.com/a4t4QrO.jpg)

Starting to do a little carving, still have a bunch of cuts to clean up before I'm done on this section.

(https://i.imgur.com/xMi8ChC.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: chamookman on November 02, 2018, 01:53:29 am: Nice :OK. Bob
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 04, 2018, 06:49:13 am: (https://i.imgur.com/4rNFdn5.jpg)

Starting to carve around the tang.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 04, 2018, 07:03:18 am: (https://i.imgur.com/C1b1uQY.jpg)

Here is the cheek piece drawing that I will start carving next week. Still a little touch up to do on the drawing before I start.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 22, 2018, 05:41:37 am: (https://i.imgur.com/AEsN3cG.jpg)

Started carving the cheek piece yesterday.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 23, 2018, 07:49:46 am: (https://i.imgur.com/AqlDZ4n.jpg)

Working on the details this morning, making the lines deeper and crisp and reducing around the relief to make the design stand out.

(https://i.imgur.com/d0QTuFD.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on November 23, 2018, 10:14:52 am: Looking good! That's a lot neater than my carving!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 23, 2018, 12:51:09 pm: Well like it or not, here is the cheek piece carving done except for final sanding and cleaning up. Only took about 20 hours.

(https://i.imgur.com/CYY0wXU.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/6Vwov5o.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/L2cSAYs.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/DYYft8u.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: chamookman on November 24, 2018, 02:53:17 am: Nice :OK ! Bob
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 27, 2018, 06:42:42 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/dzCyqYT.jpg)

Carving at the rear entry thimble done except for cleaning up and sanding around it.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mounter on November 27, 2018, 09:40:00 pm: Beautiful!!,
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on November 28, 2018, 11:37:42 am: Really nice!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on November 28, 2018, 06:43:42 pm: Blued the barrel today and rubbed it back to a nice dark gray. Im going to rub it back a bit more. Also finished carving the stock today and raised the grain on it. All I have left to do on it is more sanding and carve the patch box lid.

(https://i.imgur.com/Phk7ONc.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/W9HZg1C.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Eric Krewson on November 30, 2018, 06:53:30 am: I love grayed barrels, I have done two, unfortunately the gray is very easy to wear off and has to be redone when you get a light spot.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 08, 2018, 01:49:24 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/t7j4syo.jpg)

Carved the patch box lid today.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 14, 2018, 03:36:18 pm: Put the sealer on today and will start the finish tomorrow, then put it all back together!

(https://i.imgur.com/95fzRMj.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/msBW8Zf.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: chamookman on December 15, 2018, 12:55:24 am: Looks good to Me Mike :OK Bob
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on December 15, 2018, 12:49:36 pm: +2! Real nice!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 15, 2018, 06:22:15 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/wvvkQDh.jpg)

Lock is done and smooth as silk!
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: mullet on December 15, 2018, 09:08:33 pm: That looks pretty. I can't wait to see it all finished and delivered to me in time for Christmas.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on December 15, 2018, 09:36:39 pm: Real nice job!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Eric Krewson on December 16, 2018, 06:40:21 am: Everything looks good, when you get the finish on it will be EXTRA good.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: PEARL DRUMS on December 17, 2018, 11:48:32 am: Nice job, Mike. Very nice.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 17, 2018, 06:08:14 pm: Started putting it all back together.

(https://i.imgur.com/OBqJblz.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/HcmXERj.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/3mbQG9b.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/FU3vtM8.jpg)

Ill post profile pictures after I get the ramrod thimbles back in.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 18, 2018, 03:28:07 pm: (https://i.imgur.com/T9kr9Nf.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/r4ak46T.jpg)

(https://i.imgur.com/nPg8QC5.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Pat B on December 18, 2018, 05:09:15 pm: Very nice, Mike. Thanks for taking us through the process. :OK :-M
How about a full draw pic. ;)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Eric Krewson on December 19, 2018, 07:11:03 am: Time for a range report.........
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 19, 2018, 11:53:12 am: Quote from: Eric Krewson on December 19, 2018, 07:11:03 am
Time for a range report.........

The Big Lisa shoots for the first time!

I pulled the first two off the circle but settled in on these last three with the last two in the same hole @ 30yards. Ill back out and zero it in at around 50-60

This is with the Colerain 58 caliber gain twist barrel and Im shooting a .575 conical with a hollow base pure lead weighing 500 grains greased with bear fat and bees wax.

Im Happy!
(https://i.imgur.com/JkFVowA.jpg)
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: chamookman on December 20, 2018, 01:01:20 am: :OK ! Bob
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on December 20, 2018, 11:24:26 am: That is real fine shooting! Hope the pattern holds further out as well!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 18, 2019, 08:54:54 pm: This rifle will be going to South Africa with me in August. I have found a solid base bullet that weighs 625 grains and is dead on at 50 yards. I've got a few months to get ready for the trip but everything looks good for now. Looking to do some plains game with it and maybe a Cape buffalo next trip.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on December 19, 2019, 12:07:28 am: Not sure about the game/weapons laws over there, but have a back up! I undedtand the Cape Buffalo can be pretty ornery! I like the .58 cal!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 19, 2019, 08:08:07 pm: Im not worried about the buffalo this trip. That will be later down the road.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: JW_Halverson on December 21, 2019, 11:37:24 am: A 625 grain chunk pushed hard is gonna be punchy on BOTH ends even with the weight of that straight barrel, cannot imagine what it would be like with a swamped barrel!

May she always miss clean when she does not give a clean kill.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 24, 2019, 06:09:09 am: 4 shots at one setting are about all I want
The first one or two aren't bad but after that it starts to punish.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on December 24, 2019, 11:47:27 am: How much powder are you using? I have shot 120 gr 2F with a roundball, and it will wallop!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 24, 2019, 07:41:05 pm: Im using 100 grains of swiss and it cracks like a center fire rifle.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Hawkdancer on December 24, 2019, 11:56:37 pm: That should knock down most anything! Good hunting!
Hawkdancer
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Eric Krewson on December 25, 2019, 08:07:55 am: My 12ga fowler loaded up with 100gr of 1F and a .690 ball weighing close 500 gr really jars me, enough to make me flinch after a few shots. I bought one of those PAST recoil pads (the thickest one) and don't even feel my guns recoil now.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: mullet on December 25, 2019, 11:56:03 am: The Brown Bess I now have shooting a .715 round ball with a 100 grains of 3F left a nice bruise.
Title: Re: Christian Springs Rifle
Post by: Mike Yancey on December 28, 2019, 04:45:51 am: I've been working up this load with a conical bullet because you can't use a round ball in Africa. It would have been way easier to get a round ball load worked up but I really wanted the energy of the bullet over the ball. This barrel is also able to shoot a bullet.